ꓮ-ꓕꓲ-ꓬ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓟꓸ ꓟꓲꓽ - ꓢꓲꓽ ꓫꓬ ꓕꓳꓽ ꓶ ꓗꓪ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓚꓱꓹ

ꓮ-ꓕꓲ-ꓬ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓮ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓗꓪ ꓐˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓟꓬꓽ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓠꓬ ꓝꓲ ꓓꓴ 11ꓽ20 ꓗꓪ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓟ ꓠꓬ꓾ ꓮ-ꓕꓲ-ꓬ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓕꓯ ꓦꓲ-ꓡꓲ ꓡ ꓞꓳ ꓐꓰ ꓫꓸ ꓕꓱ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓢꓲ ꓢꓲꓺ ꓒ ꓬꓰ-ꓢꓴ ꓟꓸ ꓟꓲꓽ ꓚ ꓟꓸ ꓖꓶˍ ꓡꓳ꓾ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓱ ꓡꓰ ꓐꓳ ꓔ ꓡꓳ= ꓮ-ꓕꓲ-ꓬ ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓡꓳꓸ ꓟꓳˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓮ-ꓕꓲ-ꓬ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓔꓯ ꓠꓬ ꓖꓣꓰꓰꓗ ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓦꓲ-ꓡꓲ ꓥꓳꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓐꓰ Antiokheia ꓐꓯ ꓐꓷ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓦꓲ-ꓡꓲ ꓞꓳ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓐꓰꓽ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= Orontes ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓬꓲ ꓟ ꓬꓲ ꓘꓶꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓔꓶ ꓔ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓠꓬ ꓔꓴ-ꓣ-ꓗꓲ ꓗꓴꓷꓼ Antakya ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓒ ꓕꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓢꓲꓺ ꓒ ꓬꓰ-ꓢꓴ ꓟꓽ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓕꓯ ꓐꓚ 400 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓛꓲ ꓕꓯ Seleucus 1 Nicator ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓡꓰ ꓔꓶ ꓔ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ=

ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓟꓬꓱꓽ ꓔꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓥˍ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓔꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓥˍ ꓟꓲ꓾ ꓶꓻ ꓡꓯꓼ ꓟꓴˍ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓛꓱꓽ ꓔꓯ ꓢꓲꓺ ꓡꓳꓸ ꓠꓬꓲˍ ꓥˍ ꓟꓲ ꓮ ꓓꓲ ꓙꓲꓻ ꓖꓴ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓯꓸꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ ꓕꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓡꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓣꓳ ꓪꓳꓽ ꓒꓬꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓗꓷ ꓜꓽˍ ꓟ ꓗꓷ ꓫꓵꓽ ꓗꓷ ꓙꓰꓽ ꓶꓻ ꓡꓯ ꓟꓴˍ ꓟ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓥ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓕꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ Europe ꓐꓰ Asia ꓔꓯ ꓝ ꓔ ꓟ Silk Road ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓐꓵꓽ ꓚ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓐꓰ ꓟꓬꓱꓺ ꓔ ꓟ ꓚ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓥˍ ꓟꓲ ꓕꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓙ ꓡ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ=

ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓡꓰ ꓟꓽ ꓞꓲꓺ Royal Road ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓕꓲ ꓗꓴꓷꓼ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓗꓴꓷꓼ ꓝꓸ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳˍ ꓟ ꓚ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓐꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓕꓰ ꓡꓰ ꓚꓺ ꓚꓱꓹ ꓬꓲ ꓓꓽ ꓟ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓥ ꓐꓷ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓢꓲꓺ ꓒ ꓬꓰ-ꓢꓴ ꓟꓽ ꓛꓲ ꓡ ꓢꓰꓽ ꓕꓯ ꓐꓚ 63 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ Seleucid Empire ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓗꓴꓷꓼ ꓮ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓟ ꓔꓯ Seleucid ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓡꓰ ꓙꓵꓽˍ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓠꓯꓸꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓟꓽ ꓓ ꓬꓲ ꓚꓰ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓥˍ ꓟꓲ ꓐꓚ 63 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓗ ꓠꓯꓸ ꓠꓬ ꓣꓳ-ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓣꓳ-ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓙꓵꓽˍ ꓟ ꓙꓵꓹ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓡˍ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓢꓲꓺ ꓒ ꓬꓰ-ꓢꓴ ꓗ ꓠꓯꓸ ꓢꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓮꓓ 300 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓐꓰ 400 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓗꓴꓸ ꓚꓸꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓣꓳ-ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓯꓽ ꓒꓯꓹ ꓗꓪ ꓓꓹ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ=

ꓢꓲꓺ ꓒ ꓬꓰ-ꓢꓴ ꓕꓲ ꓙꓵꓹ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ ꓣꓳ-ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓯꓽ ꓒꓯꓹ ꓗꓪ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓓꓽ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓣꓳ-ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓞꓲꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓟꓵꓽ 16 ꓔꓶꓸ ꓔꓯ ꓙꓵꓽ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓐꓷ= ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓡꓰ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓦꓲ-ꓡꓲ ꓬꓴ-ꓔ ꓡ ꓞꓳ ꓐꓴ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓟꓽ ꓓ ꓬꓲ ꓚꓰꓺ ꓕꓲ ꓔꓶꓸˍ ꓟꓲ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓮ ꓓꓲ ꓬꓳꓸ ꓚꓵˍ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓐꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓐꓶ ꓓꓳ ꓕꓲ ꓛꓱꓽ ꓐꓰ ꓟ-ꓓꓲ-ꓔ-ꓣꓲ-ꓬꓯ ꓬꓲꓻ ꓡꓳ ꓐꓱ ꓬꓲ ꓘꓶꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓙꓳˍ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓐꓴ ꓔꓯ ꓡꓳꓸ ꓠꓹ ꓟ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓣꓳ-ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓟꓽ ꓓ ꓬꓳꓸ ꓚꓵˍ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓴ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ 2100 ꓰ ꓗꓸ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲ ꓪꓴꓽˍ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓥ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓡꓲꓺ ꓩꓴꓸ ꓕꓲ ꓩꓴꓸ ꓠꓬ ꓪꓽ ꓙꓵꓽ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓴ ꓗꓪ ꓣꓳ-ꓟ ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓐꓴ ꓠꓬ ꓪꓽ ꓙꓵꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓳ ꓡꓳ ꓡꓳ ꓕꓴꓽ ꓦˍ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ=

ꓮ-ꓕꓲ-ꓬ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓙꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓢꓲ ꓤ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓢꓷꓸ ꓠ ꓔ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓔꓶꓸˍ ꓟꓲ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓮ ꓡꓲꓳ ꓐꓯ ꓠꓬ ꓘ-ꓣꓲ-ꓢ-ꓔꓮꓠ ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓬꓲ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓘꓴ ꓔꓴ ꓡˍ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓕꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓳꓸ ꓬꓲ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓔꓴ ꓡˍ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓮ-ꓕꓲ-ꓬ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓳꓸ ꓙꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓢꓲ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓐꓯ ꓢꓲ꓾ ꓬꓲ ꓟꓸ ꓟꓲꓽ ꓠꓬ ꓬꓰ-ꓢꓴ ꓗ ꓠꓯꓸ ꓢꓲ ꓖꓼ ꓢꓴ꓾ ꓐꓯ ꓟ ꓬꓲ ꓟꓸ ꓟꓲꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓳꓸ ꓬꓲ ꓪꓴꓸ ꓔꓴ ꓡˍ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓡꓳꓸ ꓟꓳˍ ꓡꓳ=

ꓕꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ ꓦꓲ-ꓡꓲ꓾ ꓬꓴ-ꓔ ꓡ ꓞꓳ ꓐꓴˍ ꓐꓰ ꓙꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓢꓲ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓦ ꓕꓲ ꓒꓳꓹ ꓔꓯ ꓢꓲ ꓟꓬꓽ ꓡ ꓠꓹ ꓟ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓮ ꓓꓲ ꓬꓳꓸ ꓚꓵˍ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓠꓬ ꓢꓲ-ꓡꓲ-ꓬ ꓞꓳ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓐꓱ ꓶ ꓟꓽ ꓓ ꓬꓳꓸ ꓚꓵˍ ꓟ ꓡꓲꓺ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓗꓪ ꓚꓳꓸ ꓕꓲ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= Augustus ꓙꓵꓽˍ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓞꓲꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ ꓞꓳ ꓤ ꓠꓬꓲꓽ ꓫꓬꓹ ꓛꓲ ꓔꓬ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓓꓽ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓗ ꓠꓯꓸ ꓠꓬ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓙꓵꓽ ꓚꓵꓹ ꓠꓬꓲ꓾ ꓟꓯꓼ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓠꓬ ꓐꓬ ꓡꓰ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ=

ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓮꓓ 637 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓕꓯ ꓠꓬ ꓮꓣꓮꓐ ꓞꓳ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ꓾ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓬꓲ ꓪ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓙꓵꓽ ꓗꓷ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓖꓳ ꓡꓱ ꓢꓲ ꓮꓓ 969 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ Byzantine ꓪ ꓔꓲ ꓥ ꓠ Nikephoros II Phokas ꓡꓰ ꓕꓱ ꓟ ꓔꓯ ꓝꓮꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓧꓪꓹ ꓓꓶꓽ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓕꓱ ꓕꓲ ꓘꓴ ꓠꓬ Byzantine ꓐꓯ ꓟ Orthodox ꓙꓵꓽ ꓡˍ ꓟ ꓕꓲ ꓤꓶꓻ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰꓳ=

ꓖꓳ ꓟ ꓡꓰꓽ ꓟꓽꓞꓲꓺ ꓲꓢꓡꓮꓟ ꓙꓵꓻ ꓠꓲꓹ ꓠꓯꓸꓼ ꓗꓪ ꓟ ꓟꓴꓢꓡꓲꓟ ꓐꓴˍ ꓐꓰ ꓙꓲ-ꓢꓴ ꓢꓲ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓢꓰꓼ ꓡꓯ ꓘꓳꓹ ꓟ 1098 ꓘꓳꓼ ꓛꓲ ꓕꓯ ꓮꓣꓮꓐ ꓐꓴ ꓡꓰ ꓝꓮꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓧꓪꓹ ꓧꓪꓸ ꓡꓰ ꓢꓲ ꓮ ꓟꓶ ꓗꓪ ꓛꓲꓺ ꓕꓱ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ ꓟꓴꓢꓡꓲꓟ ꓐꓴ ꓟꓬꓽˍ ꓟ ꓗꓴꓷꓼ ꓗꓷ ꓡꓰ ꓟ ꓥ ꓡꓳ= ꓠꓬꓲꓸ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓟ ꓦꓬꓼ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓗꓪ ꓠꓬ ꓞꓳ ꓤ ꓟꓽ ꓔꓬꓹ ꓟ ꓡꓳ ꓒꓱ ꓐꓰꓽ ꓐꓰ ꓕꓰ ꓡꓰ ꓙꓳ ꓢꓲ ꓠꓬꓲ ꓕꓲ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓡꓰ ꓕꓲ ꓟꓵꓽ ꓗꓪ ꓟ ꓞꓳ ꓤ ꓐꓴ ꓮ ꓟꓬꓹ ꓗꓹ ꓡˍ ꓟ꓾ ꓡꓳꓸ ꓡˍ ꓟ ꓬꓲꓸ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓕꓲ ꓔꓶꓸ ꓥ ꓡꓳ=